--Some common methods of election fraud are:
ballot destruction
multiple voting
vote suppression
ballot stuffing
prestuffed ballots
result fabrications
harassment of opposition
unequal access to Media
*See also, gerrymandering and electoral geography
--The emergence of political ideologies and the development of advanced weaponry and communication led to the the emergence of Totalitarianism in the 20th century.
--Influence is the capacity to effect government policies or structure without fully controlling them.
--Political Islam is the movement that seeks to increase the political authority of Islamic clerics and Islamic law over societies.
--Democratic governments tend to outperform authoritarian governments with respect to quality of life standards. Some reasons for that are:
*that there are less economic crises in democratic governments, with much lower incidence of corruption
*there is a much higher life span for adults and a lower mortality rate for infants in democratic governments
*children of democratic governments have a much higher chance of attending high school
--A traditional authoritarian government is repressive and denies political freedom, but does not possess complete control over every aspect of life in the society of their country.
--Totalitarian governments have six common characteristics:
*state terror
*complete monopoly of communications
*state controlled economy
*monopoly of weapons
*single party government
*and an all-encompassing ideology
--Identity, Values and Ideas, and Economics are three sources of political conflict.
--Due process reflects the democratic condition that a countries' justice system must be fair, and that it cannot be arbitrary and abusive.
--Fascism has three main elements: racism, militarism, and mass mobilization.
--An autocracy is a type of government where political power is controlled by a single individual.
--A theocracy is the political system in which power is monopolized by religious authorities.
--In cross-cutting cleavages, individuals possess multiple identities which can overlap with a wide variety of other in society and can lead an individual in different political directions. These overlapping identities help to bind countries together by preventing the polarization of society.
(Information provided by class lecture, notes, PowerPoint's, and test bank questions in Dr Collins Comparative Politics class, Kennesaw State University)
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